Undirected compensatory plasticity contributes to neuronal dysfunction after severe spinal cord injury

Severe spinal cord injury in humans leads to a progressive neuronal dysfunction in the chronic stage of the injury. This dysfunction is characterized by premature exhaustion of muscle activity during assisted locomotion, which is associated with the emergence of abnormal reflex responses. Here, we hypothesize that undirected compensatory plasticity within neural systems caudal to a severe spinal cord injury contributes to the development of neuronal dysfunction in the chronic stage of the injury. We evaluated alterations in functional, electrophysiological and neuromorphological properties of lumbosacral circuitries in adult rats with a staggered thoracic hemisection injury. In the chronic stage of the injury, rats exhibited significant neuronal dysfunction, which was characterized by co-activation of antagonistic muscles, exhaustion of locomotor muscle activity, and deterioration of electrochemically-enabled gait patterns. As observed in humans, neuronal dysfunction was associated with the emergence of abnormal, long-latency reflex responses in leg muscles. Analyses of circuit, fibre and synapse density in segments caudal to the spinal cord injury revealed an extensive, lamina-specific remodelling of neuronal networks in response to the interruption of supraspinal input. These plastic changes restored a near-normal level of synaptic input within denervated spinal segments in the chronic stage of injury. Syndromic analysis uncovered significant correlations between the development of neuronal dysfunction, emergence of abnormal reflexes, and anatomical remodelling of lumbosacral circuitries. Together, these results suggest that spinal neurons deprived of supraspinal input strive to re-establish their synaptic environment. However, this undirected compensatory plasticity forms aberrant neuronal circuits, which may engage inappropriate combinations of sensorimotor networks during gait executio

Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency

Tandem devices combining perovskite and silicon solar cells are promising candidates to achieve power conversion efficiencies above 30% at reasonable costs. State-of-the-art monolithic two-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem devices have so far featured silicon bottom cells that are polished on their front side to be compatible with the perovskite fabrication process. This concession leads to higher potential production costs, higher reflection losses and non-ideal light trapping. To tackle this issue, we developed a top cell deposition process that achieves the conformal growth of multiple compounds with controlled optoelectronic properties directly on the micrometre-sized pyramids of textured monocrystalline silicon. Tandem devices featuring a silicon heterojunction cell and a nanocrystalline silicon recombination junction demonstrate a certified steady-state efficiency of 25.2%. Our optical design yields a current density of 19.5 mA cm−2 thanks to the silicon pyramidal texture and suggests a path for the realization of 30% monolithic

Neuroanatomical Study of the A11 Diencephalospinal Pathway in the Non-Human Primate

BACKGROUND: The A11 diencephalospinal pathway is crucial for sensorimotor integration and pain control at the spinal cord level. When disrupted, it is thought to be involved in numerous painful conditions such as restless legs syndrome and migraine. Its anatomical organization, however, remains largely unknown in the non-human primate (NHP). We therefore characterized the anatomy of this pathway in the NHP. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In situ hybridization of spinal dopamine receptors showed that D1 receptor mRNA is absent while D2 and D5 receptor mRNAs are mainly expressed in the dorsal horn and D3 receptor mRNA in both the dorsal and ventral horns. Unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the cervical spinal enlargement labeled A11 hypothalamic neurons quasi-exclusively among dopamine areas. Detailed immunohistochemical analysis suggested that these FG-labeled A11 neurons are tyrosine hydroxylase-positive but dopa-decarboxylase and dopamine transporter-negative, suggestive of a L-DOPAergic nucleus. Stereological cell count of A11 neurons revealed that this group is composed by 4002±501 neurons per side. A 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication with subsequent development of a parkinsonian syndrome produced a 50% neuronal cell loss in the A11 group. CONCLUSION: The diencephalic A11 area could be the major source of L-DOPA in the NHP spinal cord, where it may play a role in the modulation of sensorimotor integration through D2 and D3 receptors either directly or indirectly via dopamine formation in spinal dopa-decarboxylase-positives cells

EPIdemiology of Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) : Study protocol for a multicentre, observational trial

More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome : the dopaminergic hypothesis

Mes travaux de thèse se sont axés sur deux thématiques. Elles ont en commun un possible dysfonctionnement de la transmission dopaminergique. La première visait à étudier l’implication de la dopamine dans les troubles de la régulation veille/sommeil se produisant dans la maladie de Parkinson en utilisant le modèle de référence de cette pathologie, le primate non-humain (PNH) intoxiqué au 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé un système télémétrique totalement implantable autorisant des enregistrements électroencéphalographiques, électrooculographiques et électromyographiques de longue durée chez des animaux libres de leurs mouvements. L’induction d’un syndrome parkinsonien a eu pour conséquence une totale dérégulation de l’architecture des cycles veille/sommeil persistant durant des années après les injections de MPTP. La somnolence diurne excessive et la dérégulation du sommeil paradoxal sont les signes les plus marquants de l’intoxication au MPTP et apparaissent avant l’émergence des signes moteurs. Ces dérégulations précoces sont concomitantes d’une perturbation profonde de l’homéostasie dopaminergique qui se rétablit partiellement sur le long cours grâce à des mécanismes compensatoires au sein du système dopaminergique. L’ensemble étant responsable d’une réapparition partielle du sommeil paradoxal ainsi qu’une diminution de la somnolence diurne, parallèlement à la récupération motrice. En conclusion, ces résultats soulignent la validité du modèle du primate non-humain intoxiqué au MPTP pour la modélisation des troubles du sommeil de la maladie de Parkinson. Il permettra in fine de comprendre le rôle de la déplétion dopaminergique et, au-delà, de l’intervention des autres systèmes de neurotransmission dans la physiopathologie de ces troubles. La seconde partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à l’étude anatomo-fonctionnelle de la voie dopaminergique diencéphalospinale (groupe A11) chez le PNH. En effet, si cette voie semble impliquée dans les processus sensori-moteurs et son dysfonctionnement supposé dans de nombreuses pathologies, son organisation anatomique reste méconnue, à la fois chez l’homme et le PNH. L’hybridation in situ réalisée au niveau médullaire a révélé que le sous-type de récepteur dopaminergique D1 est absent alors que les récepteurs D2 et D5 sont exprimés au niveau des cornes dorsales et les récepteurs D3 dans l’ensemble de la substance grise. Des injections unilatérales du traceur rétrograde FluoroGold au niveau de la moelle cervicale ont quasi-exclusivement marqué les neurones hypothalamiques du groupe A11 parmi l’ensemble des régions dopaminergiques. Des analyses détaillées de ces neurones par immunohistochimie indiquent qu’ils sont positifs pour la tyrosine hydroxylase et négatifs pour la dopa-décarboxylase et le transporteur à la dopamine, suggérant un noyau de nature « L-Dopaergique ». Cependant, une intoxication au MPTP conduisant au développement d’un syndrome Parkinsonien a induit une perte de 50% des neurones de l’aire A11. En conclusion, la voie diencéphalospinale serait la source majeure de L-dopa dans la moelle épinière du PNH où elle jouerait un rôle dans la modulation de l’intégration sensori-motrice principalement au travers des récepteurs D2 et D3 soit directement, soit indirectement par conversion de la L-dopa en dopamine au niveau des cellules médullaires monoenzymatiques pour la dopa-décarboxylase. La remarquable correspondance anatomique entre l’homme et le PNH renforce la pertinence de cette espèce pour l’étude de la physiologie des circuiteries dopaminergiques hypothalamiques et des conséquences fonctionnelles de leurs dysfonctionnements.My thesis work was based on two topics bridged by a common dopaminergic neurotransmission dysfunction. The first one aimed to investigate the role of dopaminergic denervation in the pathophysiology of the sleep-wake disorders that occur in Parkinson’s disease (PD) by using the gold-standard model of parkinsonism, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated non-human primate (NHP) model. To this end, we performed long-term continuous electroencephalographic monitoring of vigilance states in unrestrained rhesus monkeys using a completely implanted miniaturized telemetry device and tested the effect of MPTP intoxication on their sleep-wake organization. MPTP injection yielded a dramatic disruption of sleep-wake architecture with reduced sleep efficacy that persisted years after MPTP administration. Primary deregulation of REM sleep and increased daytime sleepiness occurring before the emergence of motor symptoms were the most striking features of the MPTP administration. This was concomitant with a breakdown of the dopaminergic homeostasis, as evidenced by a decreased dopamine turnover measured after a single MPTP injection. In the long term, partial reemergence of REM sleep and resolution of excessive daytime sleepiness paralleled the partial adaptation to parkinsonism, the latter being known to result from compensatory mechanisms within the dopaminergic system. Altogether, these findings highlight the suitability of the MPTP model of PD as a valid tool to model the sleep/wake disturbances of the human disease. Ultimately, this may help in deciphering the specific role of dopamine depletion and the different interventions of other neurotransmitters in the occurrence of these disorders. The second part of my thesis was dedicated to an anatomical study of the diencephalospinal pathway (A11 cell group) in the NHP. This pathway is thought to be involved in sensorimotor integration and, when disrupted, in some pathological conditions such as PD or Restless Legs Syndrome. However, its anatomical organization is almost unknown both in human and NHP. In situ hybridization of dopamine receptors showed that D1 receptor mRNA is absent while D2 and D5 receptor mRNAs are expressed in the dorsal horn and D3 receptor mRNA in both the dorsal and ventral horns. Unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into the cervical spinal enlargement labeled A11 neurons quasi-exclusively among all others dopamine areas. Detailed immunohistochemical analysis showed that these FG-labeled A11 neurons are tyrosine hydroxylase-positive and dopa-decarboxylase and dopamine transporter-negative, suggestive of a L-DOPAergic group. Nevertheless, MPTP intoxication with subsequent development of a parkinsonian syndrome produced a 50% neuronal cell loss in the A11 group. In conclusion, the diencephalic A11 area could be the major source of L-DOPA in the NHP spinal cord, where it may play a role in the modulation of sensorimotor processes through D2 and D3 receptors either directly or indirectly via dopamine formation in spinal monoenzymatic dopa-decarboxylase cells

Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome : the dopaminergic hypothesis

Mes travaux de thèse se sont axés sur deux thématiques. Elles ont en commun un possible dysfonctionnement de la transmission dopaminergique. La première visait à étudier l’implication de la dopamine dans les troubles de la régulation veille/sommeil se produisant dans la maladie de Parkinson en utilisant le modèle de référence de cette pathologie, le primate non-humain (PNH) intoxiqué au 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé un système télémétrique totalement implantable autorisant des enregistrements électroencéphalographiques, électrooculographiques et électromyographiques de longue durée chez des animaux libres de leurs mouvements. L’induction d’un syndrome parkinsonien a eu pour conséquence une totale dérégulation de l’architecture des cycles veille/sommeil persistant durant des années après les injections de MPTP. La somnolence diurne excessive et la dérégulation du sommeil paradoxal sont les signes les plus marquants de l’intoxication au MPTP et apparaissent avant l’émergence des signes moteurs. Ces dérégulations précoces sont concomitantes d’une perturbation profonde de l’homéostasie dopaminergique qui se rétablit partiellement sur le long cours grâce à des mécanismes compensatoires au sein du système dopaminergique. L’ensemble étant responsable d’une réapparition partielle du sommeil paradoxal ainsi qu’une diminution de la somnolence diurne, parallèlement à la récupération motrice. En conclusion, ces résultats soulignent la validité du modèle du primate non-humain intoxiqué au MPTP pour la modélisation des troubles du sommeil de la maladie de Parkinson. Il permettra in fine de comprendre le rôle de la déplétion dopaminergique et, au-delà, de l’intervention des autres systèmes de neurotransmission dans la physiopathologie de ces troubles. La seconde partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à l’étude anatomo-fonctionnelle de la voie dopaminergique diencéphalospinale (groupe A11) chez le PNH. En effet, si cette voie semble impliquée dans les processus sensori-moteurs et son dysfonctionnement supposé dans de nombreuses pathologies, son organisation anatomique reste méconnue, à la fois chez l’homme et le PNH. L’hybridation in situ réalisée au niveau médullaire a révélé que le sous-type de récepteur dopaminergique D1 est absent alors que les récepteurs D2 et D5 sont exprimés au niveau des cornes dorsales et les récepteurs D3 dans l’ensemble de la substance grise. Des injections unilatérales du traceur rétrograde FluoroGold au niveau de la moelle cervicale ont quasi-exclusivement marqué les neurones hypothalamiques du groupe A11 parmi l’ensemble des régions dopaminergiques. Des analyses détaillées de ces neurones par immunohistochimie indiquent qu’ils sont positifs pour la tyrosine hydroxylase et négatifs pour la dopa-décarboxylase et le transporteur à la dopamine, suggérant un noyau de nature « L-Dopaergique ». Cependant, une intoxication au MPTP conduisant au développement d’un syndrome Parkinsonien a induit une perte de 50% des neurones de l’aire A11. En conclusion, la voie diencéphalospinale serait la source majeure de L-dopa dans la moelle épinière du PNH où elle jouerait un rôle dans la modulation de l’intégration sensori-motrice principalement au travers des récepteurs D2 et D3 soit directement, soit indirectement par conversion de la L-dopa en dopamine au niveau des cellules médullaires monoenzymatiques pour la dopa-décarboxylase. La remarquable correspondance anatomique entre l’homme et le PNH renforce la pertinence de cette espèce pour l’étude de la physiologie des circuiteries dopaminergiques hypothalamiques et des conséquences fonctionnelles de leurs dysfonctionnements.My thesis work was based on two topics bridged by a common dopaminergic neurotransmission dysfunction. The first one aimed to investigate the role of dopaminergic denervation in the pathophysiology of the sleep-wake disorders that occur in Parkinson’s disease (PD) by using the gold-standard model of parkinsonism, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated non-human primate (NHP) model. To this end, we performed long-term continuous electroencephalographic monitoring of vigilance states in unrestrained rhesus monkeys using a completely implanted miniaturized telemetry device and tested the effect of MPTP intoxication on their sleep-wake organization. MPTP injection yielded a dramatic disruption of sleep-wake architecture with reduced sleep efficacy that persisted years after MPTP administration. Primary deregulation of REM sleep and increased daytime sleepiness occurring before the emergence of motor symptoms were the most striking features of the MPTP administration. This was concomitant with a breakdown of the dopaminergic homeostasis, as evidenced by a decreased dopamine turnover measured after a single MPTP injection. In the long term, partial reemergence of REM sleep and resolution of excessive daytime sleepiness paralleled the partial adaptation to parkinsonism, the latter being known to result from compensatory mechanisms within the dopaminergic system. Altogether, these findings highlight the suitability of the MPTP model of PD as a valid tool to model the sleep/wake disturbances of the human disease. Ultimately, this may help in deciphering the specific role of dopamine depletion and the different interventions of other neurotransmitters in the occurrence of these disorders. The second part of my thesis was dedicated to an anatomical study of the diencephalospinal pathway (A11 cell group) in the NHP. This pathway is thought to be involved in sensorimotor integration and, when disrupted, in some pathological conditions such as PD or Restless Legs Syndrome. However, its anatomical organization is almost unknown both in human and NHP. In situ hybridization of dopamine receptors showed that D1 receptor mRNA is absent while D2 and D5 receptor mRNAs are expressed in the dorsal horn and D3 receptor mRNA in both the dorsal and ventral horns. Unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into the cervical spinal enlargement labeled A11 neurons quasi-exclusively among all others dopamine areas. Detailed immunohistochemical analysis showed that these FG-labeled A11 neurons are tyrosine hydroxylase-positive and dopa-decarboxylase and dopamine transporter-negative, suggestive of a L-DOPAergic group. Nevertheless, MPTP intoxication with subsequent development of a parkinsonian syndrome produced a 50% neuronal cell loss in the A11 group. In conclusion, the diencephalic A11 area could be the major source of L-DOPA in the NHP spinal cord, where it may play a role in the modulation of sensorimotor processes through D2 and D3 receptors either directly or indirectly via dopamine formation in spinal monoenzymatic dopa-decarboxylase cells

Soft Printable Electrode Coating for Neural Interfaces

The mechanical mismatch between implantable interfaces and neural tissues may be reduced by employing soft polymeric materials. Here, we report on a simple strategy to prepare and pattern a soft electrode coating of neural interfacing devices based on a screen-printable conducting hydrogel. The coating formulation, based on polyacrylamide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, is suitable to additive manufacturing and exhibits excellent adhesion to polydimethylsiloxane, an elastomer commonly used as a substrate in soft neural interfaces. The soft conductive coating displays a tunable elastic modulus in the 10–100 kPa range and electrochemical properties on a par with stiff conductive inks while supporting good neural cell attachment and proliferation in vitro. Next, the soft printable hydrogel is integrated within a 4 × 4 microelectrode array for electrocorticography with 250 μm-diameter contacts. Acute recording of cortical local field potentials and electrochemical characterization preimplantation and postimplantation highlight the stability of the soft organic conductor. The overall robustness of the soft coating and its patterning method provide a promising route for a range of implantable bioelectronic applications

Soft Printable Electrode Coating for Neural Interfaces

The mechanical mismatch between implantable interfaces and neural tissues may be reduced by employing soft polymeric materials. Here, we report on a simple strategy to prepare and pattern a soft electrode coating of neural interfacing devices based on a screen-printable conducting hydrogel. The coating formulation, based on polyacrylamide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, is suitable to additive manufacturing and exhibits excellent adhesion to polydimethylsiloxane, an elastomer commonly used as a substrate in soft neural interfaces. The soft conductive coating displays a tunable elastic modulus in the 10-100 kPa range and electrochemical properties on a par with stiff conductive inks while supporting good neural cell attachment and proliferation in vitro. Next, the soft printable hydrogel is integrated within a 4 x 4 microelectrode array for electrocorticography with 250 mu m-diameter contacts. Acute recording of cortical local field potentials and electrochemical characterization preimplantation and postimplantation highlight the stability of the soft organic conductor. The overall robustness of the soft coating and its patterning method provide a promising route for a range of implantable bioelectronic applications

Monolayer Graphene Coating of Intracortical Probes for Long‐Lasting Neural Activity Monitoring

International audienceThe invasiveness of intracortical interfaces currently used today is responsible for the formation of an intense immunoresponse and inflammatory reaction from neural cells and tissues. This leads to a high concentration of reactive glial cells around the implant site, creating a physical barrier between the neurons and the recording channels. Such a rejection of foreign analog interfaces causes neural signals to fade from recordings which become flooded by background noise after a few weeks. Despite their invasiveness, those devices are required to track single neuron activity and decode fine sensory or motor commands. In particular, such quantitative and long‐lasting recordings of individual neurons are crucial during a long time period (several months) to restore essential functions of the cortex, disrupted after injuries, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. To overcome this limitation, graphene and related materials have attracted numerous interests, as they gather in the same material many suitable properties for interfacing living matter, such as an exceptionally high neural affinity, diffusion barrier, and high physical robustness. In this work, the neural affinity of a graphene monolayer with numerous materials commonly used in neuroprostheses is compared, and its impact on the performance and durability of intracortical probes is investigated. For that purpose, an innovative coating method to wrap 3D intracortical probes with a continuous monolayer graphene is developed. Experimental evidence demonstrate the positive impact of graphene on the bioacceptance of conventional intracortical probes, in terms of detection efficiency and tissues responses, allowing real‐time samplings of motor neuron activity during 5 weeks. Since continuous graphene coatings can easily be implemented on a wide range of 3D surfaces, this study further motivates the use of graphene and related materials as it could significantly contribute to reduce the current rejection of neural probes currently used in many research areas, from fundamental neurosciences to medicine and neuroprostheses